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This study explores how project team resilience influences agile practices, socio-cognitive spaces, and project success in road construction projects in Uganda. Data were gathered via questionnaires from 44 completed projects and analyzed using Partial Least Squares regression with SmartPLS. Findings indicate a strong positive relationship between agile practices, team resilience, and project success. Project team resilience emerges as a critical factor in achieving successful outcomes. Although socio-cognitive space does not directly affect project success, it significantly shapes team resilience, especially in the dynamic context of road construction. Interestingly, project team resilience does not mediate the link between agile practices and project success; instead, agile practices and socio-cognitive space independently influence project success, jointly explaining 58.3% of its variance. The study emphasizes the need to strengthen project team resilience during both the design and implementation stages of road construction projects. Elements like social capital, mastery approaches, and collective efficacy are highlighted as key to building project resilient teams capable of adapting to uncertainty and complexity. A major limitation of the research is its cross-sectional nature, which prevents analysis of changes over time. Future research is advised to adopt a longitudinal approach to better understand how these relationships evolve across a project’s lifecycle.